Standards remain of critical importance to the telecommunications industry in defining global interoperability and in establishing economies of scale. In the mobile sector, standards have moved from being largely pushed by the western operators, (GSM), to a worldwide joint activity between both operators and industry (3G & variants) to 4G which is largely an industry run initiative with heavy eastern dominance. So whilst standards are benefiting from an increased level of resource and implementation optimisation, they arguably serve the operators less well – note the lack of an embedded voice service in LTE, which must be one of the largest errors in standardisation for the operator community that has ever occurred.